The majority (70 percent) of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Scotland’s (ICAS) members have already incurred costs as a result of Brexit.

The research, conducted in association with law firm Brodies, found that for 49 percent the costs were not material, while 18 percent said the costs had been “significant”.

According to the ICAS Brexit Tracker for summer 2019, those in larger organisations were more likely to report costs, with 57 percent saying that Brexit has led to costs, but not material costs. 25 percent reported significant costs.

Another notable effect is that it is already harder to recr...