Hong Kong has again topped an index of the world’s most expensive cities for ex-pats.

London ranked 19th on Mercer’s 2020 Cost of Living Ranking, behind less auspicious locales including Ashgabat in Turkmenistan (second), Shenzhen in China (13th) and N’Djamena in Chad (15th).

Other constituents seemed less surprising: Swiss cities accounted for three of the top ten most expensive, alongside New York in sixth place and Toyko in third.

The world’s least expensive cities for expatriates according to the study are Tunis (209), and Namibia’s Windhoek (208).